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References

References cited in the framework and interaction taxonomy.

A

  • Adnan, M. S. G., White, C., Perugini, E., Jensen, E. H., Barnie, T., Castillo, N., & Douglas, J. (2025). A comprehensive framework for quantifying diverse multi-hazard interactions. Authorea Preprints. DOI
  • Albulescu, A. C., & Armaș, I. (2024). An impact-chain-based exploration of multi-hazard vulnerability dynamics: The multi-hazard of floods and the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24(8), 2895–2922. DOI
  • Armaş, I., & Albulescu, A. C. (2025). From static to dynamic: Conceptual and operational developments of vulnerability. iScience, 28(3), 112070. DOI
  • Armaş, I., Albulescu, A. C., & Dobre, D. (2025). Towards managing vulnerability: A new model of systemic vulnerability. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 121, 105378. DOI

C

  • Centeno, M. A., Nag, M., Patterson, T. S., Shaver, A., & Windawi, A. J. (2015). The emergence of global systemic risk. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 65–85. DOI
  • Ciullo, A., Franzke, C. L., Scheffran, J., & Sillmann, J. (2025). Climate-driven systemic risk to the sustainable development goals. PLOS Climate, 4(4), e0000564. DOI
  • Claassen, J. N., Ward, P. J., Daniell, J., Koks, E. E., Tiggeloven, T., & de Ruiter, M. C. (2023). A new method to compile global multi-hazard event sets. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 13808. DOI
  • Cozzani, V., Antonioni, G., Landucci, G., Tugnoli, A., Bonvicini, S., & Spadoni, G. (2014). Quantitative assessment of domino and NaTech scenarios in complex industrial areas. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 28, 10–22. DOI

D

  • De Angeli, S., Malamud, B. D., Rossi, L., Taylor, F., Trasforini, E., & Rudari, R. (2022). A multi-hazard framework for spatial-temporal impact analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 73, 102829. DOI
  • De Ruiter, M. C., & Van Loon, A. F. (2022). A global review of the dynamics of multi-hazard vulnerability. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22, 57–83. DOI

F

  • Ferreira, R. J. R., & Santos, F. P. (2023). Multi-hazard interactions and the complexity of cascading risks. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 90, 103628. DOI
  • Gambhir, A., et al. (2025). A systemic risk assessment methodological framework for the global polycrisis. Nature Communications, 16, 7382. DOI

G

  • Gill, J. C., & Malamud, B. D. (2014). Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards. Reviews of Geophysics, 52, 680–722. DOI
  • Gill, J. C., & Malamud, B. D. (2016). Hazard interactions and interaction networks (cascades) within multi-hazard methodologies. Earth System Dynamics, 7(3), 659–679. DOI
  • Gill, J. C., & Malamud, B. D. (2017). Anthropogenic processes in a multi-hazard framework. Earth-Science Reviews, 166, 246–269. DOI

H

  • He, G., & Weng, W. (2021). Multi-hazard coupling model. Safety Science, 135, 105120. DOI
  • Helbing, D. (2013). Globally networked risks and how to respond. Nature, 497(7447), 51–59. DOI
  • Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Sakic Trogrlic, R., Reiter, K., Ward, P. J., de Ruiter, M. C., Duncan, M., & Gottardo, S. (2023). Toward a systemic multi-hazard framework. iScience, 26, 106736. DOI

I

  • Iannacone, L., Otárola, K., Gentile, R., & Galasso, C. (2024). Simulating multi-hazard event sets for life cycle consequence analysis. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24(5), 1721–1740. DOI
  • IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

K

  • Kaufman, G. G., & Scott, K. E. (2003). What is systemic risk, and do bank regulators retard or contribute to it? The Independent Review, 7(3), 371–391.

L

  • Liu, X., Shi, P., Wang, M., & Hu, X. (2016). Natural hazard interactions based on hazard-forming environment. Natural Hazards, 84, 2027–2042. DOI
  • López-Saavedra, M., & Martí, J. (2023). Reviewing the multi-hazard concept: Application to volcanic environments. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 23(2), 577–600. DOI

M

  • Mühlhofer, E., et al. (2024). A global multi-hazard risk framework. Nature Sustainability. DOI

R

  • Reinecke, J., et al. (2021). Supply chain management and global crises. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 333–361. DOI
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  • Renn, O., Lucas, K., Haas, A., & Jaeger, C. (2019). Things are different today: The challenge of global systemic risks. Journal of Risk Research, 22(4), 401–415. DOI
  • Schweizer, P. J. (2019). Systemic risks: Concepts and challenges for risk governance. Journal of Risk Research, 24(11), 1–14. DOI

S – W – Z

  • Sillmann, J., et al. (2022). Briefing note on systemic risk: Opportunities for research, policy and practice from the perspective of climate, environmental and disaster risk science and management. UNDRR. Publication
  • Tilloy, A., Malamud, B. D., Winter, H., & Joly-Laugel, A. (2019). A review of natural hazard interrelations. Earth-Science Reviews, 196, 102881. DOI
  • UNDRR. (2017). Terminology on disaster risk reduction. Geneva: UNDRR.
  • UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: UNDRR.
  • Wang, J., He, Z., & Weng, W. (2020). Multi-hazard risk interactions: A review. Natural Hazards, 104, 2003–2026. DOI
  • Zscheischler, J., et al. (2018). Future climate risk from compound events. Nature Climate Change, 8, 469–477. DOI